System and method of classification in power over ethernet systems

ABSTRACT

A method is disclosed that includes receiving a classification voltage at a powered device from a network. The classification voltage includes a baseline voltage level that is below an operating voltage range of the powered device and includes a sequence of distinct signal elements derived from the classification voltage. The method further includes detecting a number of signal elements of the sequence of distinct signal elements. A current is drawn until the number of signal elements exceeds a predetermined number.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

The present application is a divisional application of and claims priority from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/473,209 filed on Jun. 22, 2006 and entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD OF CLASSIFICATION IN POWER OVER ETHERNET SYSTEMS,” which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD

The present disclosure is generally related to systems and methods of classification of powered devices in Power over Ethernet networks

BACKGROUND

Power over Ethernet (PoE), which is outlined in IEEE Std 802.3.TM.-2005 clause 33 (the PoE standard), refers to a technique for delivering power and data to an electronic device via Ethernet cabling. In a PoE system, power sourcing equipment (PSE) provides a power supply to electronic devices, which may be referred to as powered devices, via an Ethernet cable. PoE eliminates the need for a separate power source to deliver power to attached powered devices. Such powered devices may include voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) telephones, wireless routers, security devices, field devices to monitor process control parameters, data processors, and the like.

The PoE standard specifies that a PSE perform a powered device detection operation to determine whether the powered device is attached before supplying power via the Ethernet cable. To perform detection, the PSE provides a DC voltage (within a range of 2.8 to 10 Volts DC) on pairs of wires of the Ethernet cable and monitors a received current (Amps) or a received voltage (V) to detect a resistance within an expected range (e.g. between 19 and 26.5 K-ohms). The PSE determines the powered device's presence using a Volt-Amp (VA) slope related to the powered device's voltage/current signature. If the PSE does not detect a valid resistance, the PSE does not apply power to the Ethernet port assigned to the powered device.

Once a powered device has been detected, the PoE standard specifies that the PSE may optionally perform a power classification operation to determine power requirements of the detected powered device. The PoE standard specifies five device classes, classes 0-4, which define expected power consumption levels of powered devices. If the PSE supports power classification, the PSE applies a classification voltage (DC) to the Ethernet port associated with the detected powered device. Assuming that the powered device supports classification, the powered device applies a resistive load to attenuate the DC voltage, current, or any combination thereof, to produce a current signature for the device. The PSE determines the powered device's power classification based on this current signature.

For example, a powered device may draw a current to specify its classification. A current draw of zero to four mA corresponds to class 0, which is also the default class for devices that do not support classification. A current draw of 26 to 30 mA and of 36 to 44 mA corresponds to class 3 and class 4 devices, respectively. The PoE standard specifies that the PSE provide a power supply of approximately 15.4 watts to devices of class 0, class 3 and class 4. A current draw of between 9 and 12 mA corresponds to a class 1 device, and the PoE standard specifies that the PSE provide a power supply of up to approximately 4 watts to a class 1 device. A class 2 device corresponds to a current draw of 17 to 20 mA and requires the PSE to provide approximately 7 watts of power.

The PSE may use the powered device power classification to manage power allocation with respect to an overall power budget of the PSE. If a power level associated with the power classification of the powered device exceeds the available budget, the PSE need not apply power to the associated Ethernet port. If the power desired is within the power budget, the PSE may apply power to the associated Ethernet port. By utilizing power classification, a PSE may more accurately determine an associated power demand and may be able to support a larger number of powered devices than if the PSE reserved a maximum power consumption for each powered device.

Many powered devices do not continuously utilize the power level specified by the power classification. For example, between calls, a VoIP telephone may utilize much less than its maximum power level. Additionally, powered devices may fall between power classification levels, and a power budget of a PSE may be underutilized because the power classifications are imprecise relative to the power needs of attached powered devices.

Some PSEs may utilize a statistical algorithm to estimate power consumption for attached devices and may base its power allocation decision-making on such an estimate. However, such estimates rely on the maximum power specified by the device power classification, and the powered device may reserve more power than is necessary. Therefore, there is a need for enhanced classification of powered electronic devices.

SUMMARY

In a particular embodiment, a method is disclosed that includes receiving a classification voltage at a powered device from a network. The classification voltage includes a baseline voltage level below an operating voltage range of the powered device and a sequence of distinct signal elements derived from the classification voltage. The method further includes detecting a number of signal elements of the sequence of distinct signal elements. A current is drawn until the number of signal elements exceeds a predetermined number. In another embodiment, the distinct signal elements include changes in a voltage level of a signal received with the classification voltage. In yet another embodiment, after detecting the number of signal elements, a level of the current is changed or the current level is shut off to notify the network of a desired power level of the powered device based on the number of signal elements.

In another particular embodiment, a powered device is disclosed that includes an input, a classification component, and a power interface. The input receives a voltage before power up. The voltage includes a baseline voltage level below an operating voltage range of the powered device and a sequence of distinct signal elements imposed on the baseline voltage. The classification component includes logic and a switch. The logic detects the sequence of distinct signal elements, counts each signal element of the sequence of distinct signal elements, and selects a power classification from a plurality of available power classifications based on detection of a predetermined number of signal elements. The power interface receives a power supply in the operating voltage range based on selection of the power classification.

In yet another particular embodiment, a method is disclosed that includes transmitting a classification voltage to a network node in response to detection of a powered device attached to the network node. A plurality of distinct signal elements is superimposed on the classification voltage. A current level drawn by the powered device is monitored by the power sourcing equipment via network node to detect a change in current. A power classification related to the powered device is determined based on the timing of the change in current relative to a number of signal elements of the classification voltage that have been transmitted to the powered device prior to the change in current.

In still another embodiment, a power sourcing equipment device includes a power injector, a detector, and logic. The power injector provides a power supply to a network node in response to detection of a powered device attached to the network node. The detector detects a change in current drawn by the powered device attached to the network node. The logic initiates transmission of a classification voltage to the network node, where the classification voltage includes a plurality of distinct signal elements. The logic determines a classification level of the powered device in response to detection of the change. The logic selects a power level based on the classification level and controls the power injector to provide the power level to the network node.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a particular embodiment of a Power over Ethernet (PoE) system with enhanced classification functionality;

FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating an applied classification voltage and a classification current versus time according to a particular embodiment of a PoE system with enhanced classification functionality;

FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating selectable power levels within illustrative power consumption classifications;

FIG. 4 is a flow chart of an embodiment of a method of selecting a power classification at a powered device; and

FIG. 5 is a flow chart of an embodiment of a method of determining a power classification of a powered device by power sourcing equipment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a particular embodiment of a Power over Ethernet (PoE) system 100 with enhanced classification functionality. The system 100 includes power sourcing equipment (PSE) 102 and a powered device 104 communicatively coupled by an Ethernet cable 106. The PSE 102 may include a power injector/Ethernet switch 108, a high voltage power circuit 110, logic 112, and a detector 114. The logic 112 may include a signal generator 116, a counter 118, and a comparator 120. The high voltage power circuit 110 is connected to the power injector/Ethernet switch 108, which is connected to the Ethernet cable 106. The high voltage power circuit 110 provides a power supply to the power injector/Ethernet switch 108, which provides a power supply to the powered device 104 via the Ethernet cable 106. The logic 112 is connected to the power injector/Ethernet switch 108. The detector 114 is coupled to the Ethernet cable 106 and to the logic 112. The counter 118 is connected to the signal generator 116 and to the comparator 120. In one particular embodiment, the logic 112 may include a processor 115. It should be understood that the Ethernet switch is an optional component of the PSE 102 and power injector 108. If the PSE takes the form of a midspan power injector, the PSE injects power onto the Ethernet cable, which carries data that is provided from an external Ethernet switch.

The powered device 104 includes a power interface 122 and a classification component 124. The classification component 124 may include a switch 126, a detector 128, a counter 130, a comparator 132, and a memory 134. The power interface 122 is connected to the Ethernet cable 106 and to the detector 128 of the classification component 124. The memory 134 may be a non-volatile memory, such as a read only memory (ROM), a programmable read only memory (PROM), and the like, which may be utilized to store one or more threshold values (N) 136, or other data. In a particular embodiment, the power interface 122 may include one or more diode bridges, an over voltage protection circuit, and other voltage and current regulation components. Additionally, the classification component 124 may include pins to interface with an external resistor, for example. In another particular embodiment, the power interface 122 and the classification component 124 may be fabricated on a single substrate.

In operation, the PSE 102 performs a detection process to detect a powered device 104 attached to the Ethernet cable 106 and associated with a node of the Power Injector/Ethernet switch 108. In response to the detection process, the powered device 104 applies a resistance within a predetermined range (e.g. approximately 25 K-ohms for the PoE standard), which provides an expected response for the PSE 102 to detect the presence of the powered device 104.

Once the PSE 102 detects the powered device 104, the PSE 102 may perform a classification process to determine the power requirements of the powered device by applying a classification voltage to the node, which transfers the classification voltage to the powered device 104 via the Ethernet cable 106. In one particular embodiment, the PSE 102 provides a stable classification voltage for an initial period. The stable classification voltage may be less than an operating voltage of the powered device 104. The powered device 104 responds to the classification voltage by drawing a current according to a particular Power over Ethernet classification, such as class 0, class 1, class 2, or class 3. After a period of time, the logic 112 generates a sequence of distinct signal elements using the signal generator 116 and superimposes the sequence of distinct signal elements onto the classification voltage. The counter 118 is coupled to the signal generator 116 to detect and count each signal element transmitted to the powered device 104.

The powered device 104 receives the classification voltage at the power interface 122, which provides the classification voltage to the detector 128 of the classification component 124. The classification voltage includes a baseline voltage level that is below an operating voltage range of the powered device 104 (e.g. below 36 volts DC, for example) and a sequence of distinct signal elements that may be derived from the classification voltage. The detector 128 detects each signal element of the sequence of distinct signal elements. The classification component 124 draws a classification current (Iclass) after receiving the classification voltage via the Ethernet cable 106 until the detected number of signal elements exceeds a predetermined number. The counter 130 maintains a count of each signal element. The comparator 132 compares the count to a predetermined number (N) 136 from the memory 134. If the count matches the predetermined number (N) 136, the logic 138 adjusts the switch 126 to alter the current. In one particular embodiment, the switch 126 shuts off the current that is drawn via the Ethernet cable 106. In another particular current, the switch 126 is adjusted to reduce or increase a level of the current (e.g. to throttle the current).

Each power classification may be subdivided into multiple power levels. A particular power level within a power classification may be selected by counting up or counting down from a baseline power level of the particular power classification based on a count of the distinct signal elements. For example, the PSE 102 may transmit a periodic signal (such as a sinusoidal signal, a periodic step voltage, and the like) by superimposing the periodic signal onto the classification voltage, and the falling edges or rising edges of the signal may represent periodic and distinct signal elements, each of which may correspond to an incremental change from the baseline power level.

The detector 114 monitors a current drawn by the powered device 104 to detect a change in the current level and provides an indication to the logic 112 in response to detection of the change in the current level. The logic 112 then determines a power classification related to the powered device 104 based on the timing of the change in current relative to a number of distinct signal elements that have been transmitted to the powered device 104 prior to the change in current. In one embodiment, the comparator 120 compares the count of the number of distinct signal elements to a table of values to determine a power classification and an associated power level. Table 1 below provides an illustrative example of a set of PoE classifications for enhanced power classification (sometimes referred to as PoE-Plus), including a classification current drawn to select a particular classification and a power level associated with each power classification.

TABLE 1 Classification Power Level Low Power Level High Class Current (mA) (Watts) (Watts) 0 2 to 4 27.95 55.95 1 9 to 12 3.84 6.49 2 17 to 20 6.49 12.95 3 26 to 30 12.95 27.95 4 36 to 44 reserved reserved

Table 2 below provides a representative example of a particular embodiment of a set of fifteen sub-classifications (0-14) within class 1, for example, which illustrate power levels at each sub-classification corresponding to a number of signal elements.

TABLE 2 Number of Distinct Signal Elements (0.177 Watt Classification/sub-class Increments) Power Level class 1.0 0 or more than 15  6.49 Watts class 1.1 1 6.313 Watts class 1.2 2 6.136 Watts class 1.3 3 5.959 Watts class 1.4 4 5.782 Watts class 1.5 5 5.605 Watts class 1.6 6 5.428 Watts class 1.7 7 5.251 Watts class 1.8 8 5.074 Watts class 1.9 9 4.897 Watts class 1.10 10 4.720 Watts class 1.11 11 4.543 Watts class 1.12 12 4.366 Watts class 1.13 13 4.189 Watts class 1.14 14 4.012 Watts class 1.15 15 3.840 Watts

In general, it should be understood that the values provided in the above-tables are illustrative only. Other values for the power classifications may be utilized, depending on the particular application. Moreover, while Table 2 illustrates 15 power increments, any number of power increments may be utilized to achieve a desired level of granularity with respect to power level selection for the powered device 104. Finally, in the illustrative example of Table 2, the power increment is 0.177 watts. However, other power increments may be utilized in other classes or within class 1, depending on the particular implementation. For example, the class 0 may be divided into fifteen power levels, each of which represents a decrement of approximately 2 watts, except the last step, which is approximately 15 watts (corresponding to the fifteenth signal element). Thus, a power increment may vary within a class or between classes in a given implementation.

The logic 112 uses the power classification determination results and controls the power injector/Ethernet switch 108 to provide a power supply having a power level determined according to the power level requirement of the powered device 104 based on the power classification. In another embodiment, the processor 115 may calculate a power requirement of the powered device 104 by subtracting a number of power increments from the baseline power level. For example, the powered device power requirement may equal the baseline power level minus the product of the number of signal elements times the power increment. For example, in one particular embodiment, the power increment may be approximately 0.25 watts, and the equation is as follows:

Power level=(baseline power)−((number of signal elements)*(0.25 watts)).

The logic 112 of the PSE 102 may utilize the power classification to manage a power budget of the PSE 102 based on the power requirements of the powered device 104 and of other powered devices that may be coupled to the PSE 102. If the power budget has insufficient power to provide a power supply to the powered device 104 according to the determined power classification, the PSE 102 may not provide power to the Ethernet node coupled to the Ethernet cable 106 to the powered device 104.

In one embodiment, each power classification may be subdivided into multiple power levels, which may be selected by the powered device 104 by counting each distinct signal element and by turning off the current flow across the Ethernet cable 106 when a predetermined number of distinct signal elements are detected. In one particular embodiment, for a maximum power level, the powered device 104 may simply remove the current on Ethernet cable 106 after detecting one or more signal elements. Alternatively, the powered device 104 may ignore the distinct signal elements and accept a default power level of the associated power classification. The PSE 102 may be adapted to determine that such early removal of the current on Ethernet cable 106 reflects a default power requirement according to a determined power classification.

In general, it should be understood that some conventional PoE powered devices may not be adapted to detect or respond to the sequence of distinct signal elements. Such devices may not support enhanced power classification. Accordingly, if the powered device 104 does not respond to the sequence of distinct signal elements, the PSE 102 may recognize that the powered device 104 does not support enhanced powered classification, and thus the PSE 102 provides a maximum power according to the determined power classification.

It should be understood that the power injector/Ethernet switch 108 may include a plurality of nodes to which multiple Ethernet cables may be attached. Powered devices may be attached to one or more of the Ethernet cables, and the PSE 102 may provide power and data to one or more of the powered devices at a power level determined by a classification process. Additionally, it should be understood that, while the PSE 102 and the powered device 104 are shown with a number of components, the components are provided for illustrative purposes. One or more of the functions may be performed by a single device. For example, in one particular embodiment, the comparator 120, the signal generator 116, and the counter 118 may represent functions that are performed by a processor, such as processor 115. Similarly, the logic 138 of the powered device 104 may include other circuit components and may perform other functions (not shown), which are unrelated to the classification operation. Furthermore, while PSE 102 must include power injector functionality, it need not include Ethernet switch functionality.

FIG. 2 is a graph 200 illustrating an applied classification voltage and a classification current versus time according to a particular embodiment of a PoE system with enhanced classification functionality. The graph 200 includes a voltage classification (Vclass) signal 202 (e.g. a 15 volt to 20 volt classification signal) and a current classification (Iclass) signal 204. The power sourcing equipment, such as PSE 102 in FIG. 1, applies the classification voltage 202 to a node of the network to which a powered device is attached. In response to the classification voltage, the powered device (such as the powered device 104 in FIG. 1) responds by drawing a classification current 204. The level of the classification current (Iclass) 204 identifies a classification of the powered device according to the PoE standard, which corresponds to a baseline power requirement associated with the particular classification. From time T₀ to T₁, the classification voltage 202 does not include detectable signal elements. At time T₁, the PSE provides a sequence of distinct signal elements derived from the classification voltage signal 202, such as peaks 205. At 206, the powered device may detect a distinct signal element on the classification voltage 202. At 208, the powered device may recognize that the power sourcing equipment includes enhanced power classification functionality. Between T₁ and T₂, any number of signal elements may be provided to indicate to the powered device the presence of an enhanced classification functional PSE. Using multiple signal elements as an initial indicator of enhanced classification functionality increases the robustness of the particular embodiment. After time T₂, the powered device begins counting the distinct signal elements. Depending on the particular implementation, a number (N) of distinct signal elements may be provided, as indicated at 210. At time T₃, the powered device has counted a number of distinct signal elements that matches a predetermined number, and at 212, the powered device alters the classification current 204.

The change in the classification current 204 is detectable via the node connected to the Ethernet cable at the power sourcing equipment. The logic of the power sourcing equipment may determine a power classification of the powered device based on timing of the change in the classification current 204 relative to a number of distinct signal elements that have been transmitted to the powered device prior to the change in current.

In general, the number of sub-classifications within a particular power classification determines the granularity with which the various power levels may be selected. Each signal element of the sequence of distinct signal elements corresponds to a sub-classification within the particular power classification. For example, in one particular embodiment, if the power classification is subdivided into 15 power levels, fifteen distinct signal elements may be transmitted, allowing the powered device to select one of the 15 power levels. In another particular embodiment, if the power classification is subdivided into 70 power levels, then 70 distinct signal elements may be transmitted to allow the powered device to select one of the seventy power levels. As a frequency of the distinct signal elements is increased, the granularity may also increase. However, the frequency may be limited by a transmission time of the distinct signal elements and by safety specifications.

FIG. 3 is a graph 300 illustrating selectable power levels within illustrative power consumption classifications. For example, the power classifications may be defined with a baseline power level within which a particular powered device prefers to operate. In this illustrative example, a class 1 powered device may operate in a power range of approximately 3.84 watts to 6.49 watts as indicated by lines 302 and 304. A class 2 powered device may operate in a range of approximately 6.49 watts at line 304 to 12.95 watts at line 306. A class 3 powered device may operate in a range of approximately 12.95 watts at line 306 to 27.95 watts at line 308. A class 0 powered device may operate in a power range of 27.95 watts at line 308 to 55.95 watts at line 310. Other classifications may exist above 55.95 watts, depending on the particular implementation. Additionally, classes 0-3 are illustrative examples only, and may be subdivided into other power classifications having different power ranges for particular implementations.

It should be understood that the particular power classifications, which are identified above, may be associated with a standard, such as the PoE standard. In some instances, the power classifications may have different power ranges, may be associated with other types of powered networks, or any combination thereof.

In one particular embodiment, within class 1, the power requirement may be subdivided, for example, into fifteen different power levels ranging from 6.49 watts at 304 to 3.84 watts at 302, where each power level represents a decrement or increment of approximately 0.177 watts. Similarly, each of the classifications (classes 1-N) may be subdivided into fifteen different power levels.

During a classification process, a powered device may draw a classification current in response to receiving a classification voltage. The classification current may identify a particular class and a particular power baseline requirement. For example, a powered device that provides a baseline current identifying class 1 specifies a baseline or default power requirement of approximately 6.49 watts. After identifying the PSE as a PSE with enhanced power functionality, the powered device may turn off the classification current drawn from the Ethernet cable or alter the current draw after counting a particular number of distinct signal elements in order to more precisely identify the powered device's power requirements relative to the baseline power requirement associated with a particular classification. For example, in one particular embodiment, class 1 may be subdivided into 15 different power levels from 6.49 watts to 3.84 watts in 0.177 watt decrements (as shown in Table 2 above), and after detecting four signal elements, the powered device may shut off the current drawn from the Ethernet cable. By turning off the current after four signal elements, the powered devices identifies a power requirement that is approximately four 0.177 watt decrements below the baseline power level of 6.49 watts for the class 1 power classification (e.g. 5.782 watts). Alternatively, each signal element may represent an incremental increase from the baseline power level, such that shutting off the current after four signal elements specifies a power requirement of 7.198 watts.

It should be understood that while fifteen different subdivisions are shown within each class, any number of subdivisions may be provided within any given class, depending on the particular implementation. Additionally, it should be understood that the particular subdivisions may be equal steps or increments within a range of values, or may vary, depending on the particular implementation. Finally, while the particular example shown in FIG. 3 represents an incremental decrease with each count of a distinct signal element, the enhanced power functionality may also be utilized by counting up from a baseline power level.

FIG. 4 is a flow chart of a particular embodiment of a method of selecting a power classification at a powered device. A classification voltage from a network is received at a powered device. The classification voltage includes a baseline voltage level below an operating voltage range of the powered device and includes a sequence of distinct signal elements derived from the classification voltage (block 400). A number of signal elements of the sequence of these distinct signal elements is detected (block 402). A current is drawn in response to the classification voltage until the number of signal elements exceeds a predetermined number (block 404). The current is altered by the powered device to notify the network of the desired power level of the powered device based on the number of signal elements (block 406). In general, in one particular embodiment, the powered device may alter the current by changing a current level that is drawn by the powered device (either increasing or decreasing the current level). In a particular embodiment, the powered device stops drawing current from the Ethernet cable or may shut off the current.

FIG. 5 is a flow chart of a particular embodiment of a method of determining a power classification of a powered device by power sourcing equipment. A classification voltage is transmitted to a network node of a PSE in response to detection of a powered device passed to the network node (block 500). A signal having a plurality of distinct signal elements is superimposed on the classification voltage (block 502). A current drawn by the powered device is monitored via the network node to detect a change in the current level (block 504). A selected power classification is determined, from a plurality of classifications related to the powered device, based on the change in current level relative to a number of signal elements of the classification voltage that have been transmitted to the powered device.

The above-described embodiments of the systems and methods allow for enhanced power classifications within an existing power classification, which allows for powered devices that support the enhanced classification techniques without excluding devices that do not support such enhanced power classifications. Additionally, by utilizing a signal including a sequence of distinct signal elements that is superimposed on the classification voltage, the powered device and the power sourcing equipment do not need to be synchronized. Accordingly, the powered device does not need to include a clock or oscillator to provide a notion of time to the powered device that is independent from the PSE. The powered device may recover timing information from the signal generated by the PSE (e.g. from the signal including the sequence of distinct signal elements that is superimposed on the classification voltage). Thus, the powered device may be implemented without an independent clock, which reduces costs. Additionally, clock skew, frequency skew, and other timing related issues between the powered device and the PSE do not create a significant source of error. Since a clock is not required, the sequence of distinct signal elements may be transmitted to the powered device asynchronously, and the powered device may recover the signal elements from the classification voltage.

The superimposition of the sequence of distinct signal elements on the voltage classification signal may have a frequency that is below 400 Hz (with a margin of plus or minus 20 Hz) to meet electromagnetic interference and data coherence specifications. Additionally, the amplitude of the signal including the distinct signal elements may be lower than 2.15 Volts per peak (with a margin of error of approximately 0.15 volts) to remain within the classification voltage parameters specified by the PoE standard.

In general, while the signal including the distinct signal elements is shown as a substantially sinusoidal signal in FIG. 2, for example, it should be understood that the signal including the sequence of distinct signal elements may be provided as a periodic sinusoidal signal, a periodic trapezoidal signal, a periodic step, and the like. Alternatively, the distinct signal elements may be represented by the classification voltage aperiodically. In another embodiment, the distinct signal elements may be recovered from the classification voltage using more advanced modulation/demodulation techniques, such as a quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), Phase Shift Keying (PSK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), other demodulation techniques, or any combination thereof.

In QAM, an amplitude and a phase of a signal is used to represent data. Accordingly, variations in amplitude and phase of the signal may represent distinct signal elements. In PSK, the distinct signal elements (such as bits) may be quantified by various phase changes by changing the phase of a transmitted waveform instead of the frequency. For example, if four angles of phase are used (0, 90, 180, and 270 degrees) then these four states can be translated into binary values (00, 01, 10, and 11, respectively), decimal values (0, 1, 2, and 3, respectively), or other values. In FSK, particular data values are represented by particular frequencies. For example, in one embodiment, a level change is indicated by a frequency shift between one of two frequencies. For example, one particular frequency may be used to represent a binary value of one, and a second particular frequency may be used to indicate a binary value of zero.

Although the present specification describes components and functions that may be implemented in particular embodiments with reference to particular standards and protocols, the invention is not limited to such standards and protocols. For example, the PoE standard represents an example of the state of the art. Such standards are periodically superseded by faster or more efficient alternatives having essentially the same functions. Accordingly, replacement standards and protocols having the same or similar functions as those disclosed herein are considered equivalents thereof.

The illustrations of the embodiments described herein are intended to provide a general understanding of the structure of the various embodiments. The illustrations are not intended to serve as a complete description of all of the elements and features of apparatus and systems that utilize the structures or methods described herein. Many other embodiments may be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the disclosure. Other embodiments may be utilized and derived from the disclosure, such that structural and logical substitutions and changes may be made without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Additionally, the illustrations are merely representational and may not be drawn to scale. Certain proportions within the illustrations may be exaggerated, while other proportions may be reduced. Accordingly, the disclosure and the figures are to be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive.

Moreover, although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, it should be appreciated that any subsequent arrangement designed to achieve the same or similar purpose may be substituted for the specific embodiments shown. This disclosure is intended to cover any and all subsequent adaptations or variations of various embodiments. Combinations of the above embodiments, and other embodiments not specifically described herein, will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the description.

The Abstract of the Disclosure is provided to comply with 37 C.F.R. §1.72(b) and is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. In addition, in the foregoing Detailed Description, various features may be grouped together or described in a single embodiment for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed embodiments require more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive subject matter may be directed to less than all of the features of any of the disclosed embodiments.

The above-disclosed subject matter is to be considered illustrative, and not restrictive, and the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications, enhancements, and other embodiments which fall within the true spirit and scope of the present invention. Thus, to the maximum extent allowed by law, the scope of the present invention is to be determined by the broadest permissible interpretation of the following claims and their equivalents, and shall not be restricted or limited by the foregoing detailed description. 

1. A method of classifying a powered device, the method comprising: transmitting a classification voltage comprising a plurality of distinct signal elements from a power equipment device to a powered device through a network; monitoring a current drawn by the powered device in response to the classification voltage; detecting a change in the monitored current; and determining a power level related to the powered device from a plurality of power classifications based on the monitored current and based on timing of the change relative to a number of distinct signal elements of the plurality of distinct signal elements that have been transmitted to the powered device prior to the detected change.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the monitored current relates to a power classification of the plurality of power classifications defining a power range, and wherein each signal element of the plurality of distinct signal elements relates to a sub-classification defining a sub-range within the power range.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein detecting the change in the monitored current comprises detecting when the powered device ceases drawing current.
 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising adjusting a power budget based on an expected power consumption level associated with the determined power level.
 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: comparing the determined power level to available power of a power budget associated with the power source equipment device; and providing a power supply corresponding to the determined power level to the powered device when the determined power level is less than the available power.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein transmitting the classification voltage comprises the plurality of distinct signal elements comprises superimposing a signal having the plurality of distinct signal elements onto a fixed classification voltage.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the power level comprises: determining a second power level associated with a power classification of the plurality of power classifications based on the monitored current; and incrementally changing the first power level by a pre-defined increment for each distinct signal element transmitted to the powered device until the change in current is detected to determine the power level.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein incrementally changing the second power level comprises subtracting a pre-determined increment from the second power level.
 9. A power source equipment device comprising: a power injector to provide a power supply to a powered device through a network connection; a detector to determine a current drawn by a powered device; and control circuitry to initiate transmission of a classification signal including a plurality of distinct signal pulses to the powered device, the control circuitry to determine a power level of the powered device from a plurality of device classifications based in part on the current and based in part on a timing of a change in the current drawn by the powered device relative to a number of distinct signal pulses sent to the powered device prior to the change.
 10. The power source equipment device of claim 9, wherein the control circuitry is configured to control the power injector to provide the power supply to the powered device according to the power level.
 11. The power source equipment device of claim 9, wherein the control circuitry is configured to superimpose a signal including the plurality of distinct signal pulses onto a fixed classification voltage.
 12. The power source equipment device of claim 9, wherein the determined current corresponds to one of the plurality of device classifications.
 13. The power source equipment device of claim 12, wherein the control circuitry is configured to retrieve the classification signal from a table of power classifications.
 14. The power source equipment device of claim 12, wherein each device classification of the plurality of device classifications defines a power range associated with a Power over Ethernet-enabled device; and wherein each distinct signal pulse corresponds to a sub-classification within one of the plurality of device classifications defining a power level within the power range.
 15. The power source equipment device of claim 9, wherein the change in the current comprises a reduction of a level of the current to approximately zero amperes.
 16. A method of classifying a powered device, the method comprising: transmitting a classification signal from a power source equipment device to the powered device through a network, the classification signal comprising a plurality of distinct signal elements; monitoring a current drawn by the powered device; and determining a power classification related to the powered device from a plurality of power classifications based on the monitored current and based on timing of a change in the monitored current relative to a number of distinct signal elements of the classification signal that have been transmitted to the powered device prior to the change in the monitored current.
 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising counting the number of distinct signal elements transmitted prior to the change in the monitored current.
 18. The method of claim 16, wherein determining the power classification from the plurality of power classifications comprises: determining a selected power classification defining power ranges associated with a Power over Ethernet standard based on the monitored current; and determining a sub-classification from a plurality of sub-classifications defining power increments within the selected power classification, each power increment representing a sub-range within a power range associated with the selected power classification.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein each power classification defines an operating power range for a particular powered device associated with the power classification.
 20. The method of claim 16, wherein determining the power classification comprises: identifying a power level associated with a particular power classification of the plurality of power classifications based on the monitored current; incrementally changing the identified power level with each distinct signal element sent to the powered device until the change in the monitored current is detected to produce a resulting power level; and assigning the resulting power level to the powered device.
 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the identified power level comprises an upper limit of a power range associated with the particular power classification; and wherein incrementally changing the identified power level comprises decrementing the identified power level from the upper limit by a pre-defined increment with each distinct signal element to define the resulting power level.
 22. The method of claim 20, wherein the identified power level comprises a lower limit of a power range associated with the particular power classification; and wherein incrementally changing the identified power level comprises incrementing the identified power level from the lower limit by a pre-defined increment with each distinct signal element to define the resulting power level. 